Best Digital Camera Under 200

Typing Tutor

In this project, I used graphics, animations and interrupts.

For graphics we used the 320Í200 256 color video adapter graphics display mode and medium resolution of 320Í200 for color graphics adapter. The standard CGA colors we used are: white, light blue, yellow. The four colors of the palettes are the background color, cyan, magenta and white. To read and write graphics pixels, the functions 0Dh and 0Ch are used, respectively. VGA can generate 64 levels of red, green, and blue. The combinations of the red, blue, and green colors produce 64^3 equal 256 k different colors.

Interrupts Used:

The interrupts we used are INT 10h, INT 21h, and INT 16h.

INT 10h:

The interrupt INT 10h is used to set the display mode of 320Í200 256 color. The color register is set in proportions of Red, Green, and Blue. The string is displayed using this interrupt.

The character entered by the user is printed on the screen by interrupt INT 10h. To set the cursor position, we made a procedure ‘movec’ in which the function 02h of the interrupt INT 10h. This function lets the program move the cursor anywhere on the screen. The page doesn’t have to be the one currently being displayed.

INT 21h:

The interrupt INT 21h are serviced by DOS routines that provide high level service to hardware as well as system resources such as files and directories. it provides many functions for doing keyboard, video, and file operations. These functions may be classified as character I/O, file access, memory management, disk access, networking, and miscellaneous. The palette is set by interrupt INT 21h.

INT 16h:

The interrupt BIOS INT 16h provides keyboard services, as with INT 10h, a program can request a service by placing the function number in AH before calling INT 16h. we used only its function 00h. This function transfers the first available key value in the keyboard buffer into AX. If the buffer is empty, the computer waits for the user to press a key. ASCII keys are not echoed to the screen.

CODE:

FIRST FILE OF ASSEMBLY LANG

public STRING_DISPL
public main_bck

.model small

 draw_row macro x
 local l1
     ;draws a line in row x from column 0 to column 239
 mov ah,0ch      ;draw pixel
 mov al,0111B    ;white color
 mov cx,0        ;column 0
 mov dx,x        ;row x
     l1:
 int 10h
 inc cx       ;next column
 cmp cx,240   ;beyond column 239?
     jl l1           ;no, repeat
 endm

.data
 MSG DB ‘A  TYPING  TUTOR’
 msg1 db ‘CHASE THE PHRASE GAME’
 mSG2 DB ‘PRESS ANY KEY…….’

.code
   main_bck proc
     ;initialize DS
 MOV AX,@DATA     ;assigning segment no of the data segment
 MOV DS,AX        ;mving in segment reg
 MOV ES,AX
 LEA BP,MSG
     ;sets display mode
 mov ah,0         ;set screen mode
 mov al,13h       ;320*200 256 color(mode)
 int 10h
     ;set color register
 MOV AH,10H
 MOV AL,10H
 MOV BX,00        ; Color Register
 MOV DH,10        ; R
 MOV CH,10        ; G
 MOV CL,90        ;  B
 INT 10H
     ;DRAW BOUNDARY
 DRAW_ROW 30
 DRAW_ROW 320
     ;SELECT PALETTE
 MOV AH,0BH
 MOV BH,1
 MOV BL,0
 INT 21H
     ;SELECT BACKGROUND
 MOV BH,6H
 INT 10H
     ;WRITE TEXT
     ;STRING DISPLAY
 MOV DH ,8       ;row
 MOV DL,11       ;col
 CALL STRING_DISPL
     ;SECOND STRING DISPLAY
 LEA BP,MSG1
 MOV DH ,10 ;row
 MOV DL,11 ;col
 CALL STRING_DISPL
     ;3RD STRING
 LEA BP,MSG2
 MOV DH ,17 ;row
 MOV DL,15 ;col
 CALL STRING_DISPL
 ret
   main_bck endp

   STRING_DISPL PROC
 MOV AH ,13H
 MOV AL ,01H
 MOV BH ,00H
 MOV BL ,0111B        ;white color
 MOV CX ,16
 INT 10H
 RET
   STRING_DISPL ENDP

END

SECOND FILE

extrn last_page:near
public level
public main_bck1
public score
public error
public movec
.model small

   draw_row macro x
 local l1
     ;draws a line in row x from column 0 to column 239
 mov ah,0ch      ;draw pixel
 mov al,0111B    ;white color
 mov cx,0        ;column 0
 mov dx,x        ;row x
     l1:
 int 10h
 inc cx       ;next column
 cmp cx,320   ;beyond column 239?
 jl l1           ;no, repeat
   endm
 
   draw_column macro y,z
 local l1
     ;draws a line in row x from column 0 to column 239
 mov ah,0ch      ;draw pixel
 mov al,0111B    ;white color
 mov cx,y        ;column 0
 mov dx,z        ;row x
 mov bx,80
 add bx,dx
     l1:
 int 10h
        inc dx       ;next column
        cmp dx,bx   ;beyond column 239?
        jl l1           ;no, repeat
   endm

.data
 MSG DB ‘adsfasdsfasfdsfsddasfdsfsdfsafdffsdfsfdsasfdsasfdfsfdsdfddsfasdadfdadfjadfksdfkdfkfajdsakldfdsfafdf;fkfadsf;lkdsjf;dkjflkdf;akhdjlkfdslf;ak;ajfldkaldkjf;ldkjf;ajf;ldhj;ldkfj;lf;adsjfkkdkdjfasjfdldajkdljf;lfjld;kf;;ldadfdkjf;ldsakdlsjf;adldkjf’
 arr db 256 dup(?)
 score db 0
 error db 0
 level db 1
.code
   main_bck1 proc
     ;initialize DS
 MOV AX,@DATA     ;assigning segment no of the data segment
 MOV DS,AX        ;moving in segment reg
 MOV ES,AX
     ;sets display mode
 mov ah,0         ;set screen mode
 mov al,13h       ;320*200 256 color(mode)
 int 10h
     ;set color register
 MOV AH,10H
 MOV AL,10H
 MOV BX,00        ; Color Register
 MOV DH,10        ; R
 MOV CH,10        ; G
 MOV CL,90        ;  B
 INT 10H
     ;DRAW SQUARE
 DRAW_ROW 10
 DRAW_ROW 90
 DRAW_ROW 110
 DRAW_ROW 190 
     ;SELECT PALETTE
 MOV AH,0BH
 MOV BH,1
 MOV BL,0
 INT 21H
     ;SELECT BACKGROUND
 MOV BH,6H
 INT 10H
     ;WRITE TEXT
     ;STRING DISPLAY
 CALL STRING_DISPL
 CALL USER_STRING
 ret
   main_bck1 endp

   STRING_DISPL PROC
 MOV SI , OFFSET MSG
 mov dh,2
 mov dl,1
 call movec
 mov cx,239
     lo:
 MOV AH ,0EH
 MOV AL ,[SI]
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,5
 INT 10H
 INC SI
 DEC cx
 CMP cx,0
 JG lo 
 RET
   STRING_DISPL ENDP

   movec proc
 mov ah,02 
 mov bh,0
 int 10h
 ret
   movec endp

   USER_STRING PROC
 MOV SI,OFFSET MSG  
     ;setting cursor position
 MOV dh,14
 MOV dl,1
 call movec
 mov cx,239      ;loop counter
     l1:
     ;taking input from user
 mov ah,0h
 int 16h
 cmp al,1bh
 je l4
 cmp al,[si]
 jne l2
     ;printing correct letter
 MOV AH,0EH
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,1111b
 INT 10H
 add score,1
 jmp l3
     l2:
     ;printing wrong letter 
 MOV AH ,0EH
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,4
 INT 10H
 add error,1
     l3: 
 inc SI
 dec cx
 CMP cx,0
 JG l1
     l4:
 call last_page   
 ret
   USER_STRING endp

END

THIRD FILE

extrn STRING_DISPL:near
extrn score:byte
extrn error:byte
extrn end2:near
extrn level:byte
public last_page

.model small

   draw_row macro x
 local l1
     ;draws a line in row x from column 0 to column 239
 mov ah,0ch      ;draw pixel
 mov al,0111B    ;white color
 mov cx,0        ;column 0
 mov dx,x        ;row x
     l1:
 int 10h
 inc cx       ;next column
 cmp cx,240   ;beyond column 239?
 jl l1           ;no, repeat

   endm

.data
 MSG1 db ‘your last score’
 MSG3 DB ‘Press any key to continue & esc to exit’
 MSG2 DB ‘no of errors’

.code
   last_page proc
     ;initialize DS
 MOV AX,@DATA     ;assigning segment no of the data segment
 MOV DS,AX        ;mving in segment reg
 MOV ES,AX
     ;sets display mode
 mov ah,0         ;set screen mode
 mov al,13h       ;320*200 256 color(mode)
 int 10h
     ;set color register
 MOV AH,10H
 MOV AL,10H
 MOV BX,00        ; Color Register
 MOV DH,10        ; R
 MOV CH,10        ; G
 MOV CL,90        ;  B
 INT 10H
     ;DRAW BOUNDARY
 DRAW_ROW 30
 DRAW_ROW 320
     ;SELECT PALETTE
 MOV AH,0BH
 MOV BH,1
 MOV BL,0
 INT 21H
     ;SELECT BACKGROUND
 MOV BH,6H
 INT 10H
     ;WRITE TEXT
     ;STRING DISPLAY
     ;SECOND STRING DISPLAY
 LEA BP,MSG1
 MOV DH ,10 ;row
 MOV DL,11 ;col
 MOV AH ,13H
 MOV AL ,01H
 MOV BH ,00H
 MOV BL ,0111B        ;white color
 MOV CX ,15
 INT 10H
     ;3RD STRING
 MOV DH ,12 ;row
 MOV DL,17 ;col
 mov al,score
 mov ah,0
        call digit
   ;4th STRING
 LEA BP,MSG2
 MOV DH ,14 ;row
 MOV DL,11 ;col
 MOV AH ,13H
 MOV AL ,01H
 MOV BH ,00H
 MOV BL ,0111B        ;white color
 MOV CX ,12
 INT 10H
     ;5th STRING
 mov al,error
        mov ah,0
 MOV DH ,16 ;row
 MOV DL,17 ;col
        call digit
     ;6th STRING
 LEA BP,MSG3
 MOV DH ,18 ;row
 MOV DL,1 ;col
 MOV AH ,13H
 MOV AL ,01H
 MOV BH ,00H
 MOV BL ,0111B        ;white color
 MOV CX ,39
 INT 10H
 mov ah,1
 int 21h
 cmp al,1bh
 
      end1:
 call end2
 ret
   last_page endp
 
   digit proc
 mov cl,100
 div cl
 add al, 48
 mov ch, ah
        mov ah,02
 mov bh,0
 int 10h
        MOV AH ,0EH
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,5
 INT 10H
 mov al, ch
 mov ah,0
 mov cl, 10
 div cl
 add al, 48
 mov ch, ah
 MOV AH ,0EH
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,5
 INT 10H
 mov al, ch
 add al, 48
 MOV AH ,0EH
 MOV BH,00
 mov bl,5
 INT 10H
 ret
   digit endp
end
  

FORTH FILE

extrn STRING_DISPL:near
public end2

.model small

   draw_row macro x
 local l1
     ;draws a line in row x from column 0 to column 239
 mov ah,0ch      ;draw pixel
 mov al,0111B    ;white color
 mov cx,0        ;column 0
 mov dx,x        ;row x
     l1:
 int 10h
 inc cx       ;next column
 cmp cx,240   ;beyond column 239?
 jl l1           ;no, repeat

   endm
.data
 MSG db ‘Game over’
.code
   end2 proc
     ;initialize DS
 MOV AX,@DATA     ;assigning segment no of the data segment
 MOV DS,AX        ;mving in segment reg
 MOV ES,AX
     ;sets display mode
 mov ah,0         ;set screen mode
 mov al,13h       ;320*200 256 color(mode)
 int 10h
     ;set color register
 MOV AH,10H
 MOV AL,10H
 MOV BX,00        ; Color Register
 MOV DH,10        ; R
 MOV CH,10        ; G
 MOV CL,90        ; B
 INT 10H
     ;DRAW BOUNDARY
 DRAW_ROW 30
 DRAW_ROW 320
     ;SELECT PALETTE
 MOV AH,0BH
 MOV BH,1
 MOV BL,0
 INT 21H
     ;SELECT BACKGROUND
 MOV BH,6H
 INT 10H
     ;WRITE TEXT
     ;STRING DISPLAY
     ;SECOND STRING DISPLAY
 LEA BP,MSG
 MOV DH ,10 ;row
 MOV DL,15 ;col
 MOV AH ,13H
 MOV AL ,01H
 MOV BH ,00H
 MOV BL ,0111B        ;white color
 MOV CX ,9
 INT 10H

 mov ah,1h
 int 21h
 mov ah,4ch
 int 21h
 mov ah,0
 int 21h
   end2 endp
end

MAIN FILE

extrn main_bck1:near
extrn main_bck:near
.model small
.data
.code
   main proc
     mov ax,@data
     mov ds,ax
     MOV ES,AX
     call main_bck
     mov ah,1
     int 21h
     call main_bck1
   main endp
end

About the Author

i m a student of electrical engineering

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